Educational Psychology

Howard Earl Gardner was born on 11th July 1943 in Scranton, Pennsylvania. Gardner described himself as “a studious child who gained much pleasure from playing the piano”. Although Gardner never became a professional pianist, he taught piano from 1958 to 1969. He graduated from Harvard University in 1965 and studied under the renowned Erik Erikson. He completed his Ph.D. in Developmental Psychology. Gardner introduced Multiple Intelligences (MI) theory in the book, Frames of Mind, published in 1983. He initially formulated a list of seven intelligences. His listing was provisional. The first two are ones that have been typically valued in schools; the next three are usually associated with the arts; and the final two are what he called ‘Personal Intelligences’. Based on the eight criteria outlined in chapter 4 of Frames of Mind, Gardner (1999) holds that there are eight intelligences, each oriented to a specific type of information: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalistic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. He is informally considering two more additional intelligences, existential and pedagogical.

Linguistic Intelligence (Word Smart) involves sensitivity to spoken and written language, the ability to learn languages, and the capacity to use language to accomplish certain goals. This intelligence includes the ability to effectively use language to express oneself rhetorically or poetically; and language as a means to remember information. Writers, Poets, Lawyers and Speakers are among those having high linguistic intelligence.

Logical-Mathematical Intelligence (Math Smart) enables individuals to use, appreciate, and analyze abstract relationships and consists of the capacity to analyze problems logically, carry out mathematical operations, and investigate issues scientifically. In his words, in entails the ability to detect patterns, reason deductively and think logically. This intelligence is most often associated with scientific and mathematical thinking. Mathematicians, Scientists, and Engineers deploy this intelligence at high levels.

Musical Intelligence (Music Smart) involves skill in the performance, composition, and appreciation of musical patterns. It encompasses the capacity to recognize and compose musical pitches, tones, and rhythms. According to him musical intelligence runs in an almost structural parallel to linguistic intelligence. It is manifested to high degrees among Composers, Musicians and Acoustic engineers.

Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence (Body Smart) entails the potential of using one’s whole body or parts of the body to solve problems. It is the ability to use mental abilities to coordinate bodily movements. He sees mental and physical activity as related. The intelligence seems to stand in stark contrast to the reasoning that is prized in traditional tests of intelligence. Advanced forms of problem solving and creativity through use of the body are evident in the activities of Choreographers, Rock climbers and skilled Artisans.

Spatial Intelligence (Art Smart) involves the potential to recognize and use the patterns of wide space and more confined areas. It enables people to perceive visual or spatial information, to transform this information, and to recreate visual images from memory. Blind people skillfully employ this intelligence, using it to create mental maps of their environments. It is commonly seen operating at high levels in Architects, Artists, Surgeons, and Pilots.

Interpersonal Intelligence (People Smart) is concerned with the capacity to understand the intentions, motivations and desires of other people. It allows people to work effectively with others. Successful Teachers, Actors, Therapists, Political leaders, Religious and Salespeople rely on highly developed interpersonal intelligence.

Intrapersonal Intelligence (Self Smart) entails the capacity to understand oneself, to appreciate one’s feelings, fears and motivations. In his view it involves having an effective working model of ourselves, and to be able to use such information to regulate our lives. Intrapersonal intelligence is sometimes seen in skillful autobiographies, and, more generally, among those individuals who make sound choices about their life and work.

Naturalist Intelligence (Nature Smart) enables people to solve problems by distinguishing among, classifying, and using features of the natural world. This intelligence is commonly seen in peoples ability to categorize different kinds of plants and animals and has been harnessed to the task of distinguishing among human made objects. It is essential to the work of landscape Architects, Hunters, Archeologists, Environmental Scientists and Farmers.

Existential Intelligence (Life Smart) enables sensitivity and capacity to tackle deep questions about human existence such as, what is the meaning of life? Why do we die? How did we get here? Many teachers, school administrators, and special educators have been inspired by Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences as it has allowed for the idea that there is more than one way to define a person’s intellect.

References:
https://howardgardner.com/
http://multipleintelligencesoasis.org/
Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Multiple Intelligences around the World
Multiple Intelligences: The Theory in Practice
Intelligence Reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the 21st Century
Changing Minds: The Art and Science of Changing Our Own and Other People’s Minds

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